The Juxtaposition of the Rose - Literature Essay Samples

On the surface, the thirteenth-century poem The Romance of the Rose exists as an allegory of courtly love set in a dream vision narrative. While the first part, composed by Guillaume de Lorris, differs slightly in tone and style from the rest of the piece, which was written by Jean de Meun, the overall metaphor remains intact. Together both composers, inspired by Boethius and Alan of Lille, present a story that unveils the true nature of love. The Romance of the Rose depicts both the concept of love and the anthropomorphism of Reason as applications of earlier influences of Lady Philosophy and Lady Fortune from Boethiuss The Consolation of Philosophy and Alan of Lilles Anticlaudianus. The overlapping of love with Fortune and Reason with Philosophy results in the underlying notion that love is unstable and leads to false happiness while rationalism is constant and leads to true happiness. In the first three chapters of The Romance of the Rose, Guillaume de Lorris presents the concept of love as an application of Lady Fortune by his use of paradoxical descriptions. When the lover enters the garden, he describes many birds singing and remarks that so sweet and lovely was that song that it seemed not to be birdsong, but rather comparable with the song of the sea-sirens, who are called sirens because of their pure, sweet voices (12). By comparing the birds song, a traditionally harmonious accessory of love, with a siren, known for luring men to their deaths, Guillaume de Lorris subtly displays the antithetical nature of love. When the God of Love relates the process of love to the narrator, he declares that the lover will endure many sorts of distress, being sometimes hot and sometimes cold, sometimes flushed and sometimes pale; no quartan or quotidian fever was ever so bad (35). De Lorris again uses a paradoxical technique in relating that love causes pain, ultimately implying that like Boethiuss Lady Fortune, love exists as an inconstant and erratic circumstan ce. In The Consolation of Philosophy, Boethius portrays Fortune as fickle and two-faced (22). Fortune tells the narrator, I spin my wheel and find pleasure in raising the low to a high place and lowering those who were on top, relaying her paradoxical nature and providing the groundwork for the connection between love and Fortune in The Romance of the Rose (24). With this base, Guillaume de Lorris establishes a contradictory foundation for the concept of love presented throughout the rest of the text. Similarly, Jean de Meun presents an amalgamation of love and Fortune throughout the remainder of The Romance of the Rose with his application of the oxymoron in his depictions of love. Reason relays to the narrator that love is hostile peace and loving hatred, disloyal loyalty and loyal disloyalty; it is confident fear and desperate hope [] a most joyful suffering and a merciful cruelty [] laughter that sobs and weeps [] a hell that sooths and a heaven that tortures (66). De Meun b orrows this equivocation of the attributes of love from Alan of Lilles illustration of Lady Fortune in Anticlaudianus in order to align the concept of love with the concept of fortune. Lille too employs the oxymoron in his description of Fortune: She is rough in her gentleness, overcast in her light, rich and poor, tame and savage, sweet and bitter. She weeps as she smiles, roams around as she stands, is blind as she sees. She is constant in fickleness, steadfast in faltering, true to falsehood, false to truth, unchangeable in changeability. She keeps this constant rule-that she is not constant [189-90].While it can be said that Boethius also influences Alan of Lilles Fortune, it is Lilles use of the oxymoron in relation to Fortune that provides de Meun with the basis for his equivalence of love with Fortune. De Lorris and de Meun use the techniques of paradox and oxymoron to further consolidate the two concepts of love and fortune in order to establish the notion that love is unsteady. Through the character of Reason in The Romance of the Rose, both de Lorris and de Meun imply the unstableness of love, a concept that mirrors the representations of Lady Fortune by Boethius and Alan of Lille. In chapter three, Reason tells the narrator that within the boundaries of love, if there is joy, it does not last long and it depends on chance (47). De Meuns Reason similarly describes love as an ever-shifting game, a state which is very firm but also very changeable (66). This unreliable and faltering illustration directly links love to Lady Fortune and her unstable nature. Boethius asserts that what else does the cry of tragedy bewail but the overthrow of happy realms by the unexpected blow of Fortune and that mans desire for good fortune is disordered (24-5). Similarly, Alan of Lille contends that Fortunes reliability is to be reliably unreliable [] she is unreliable, changeable, uncertain, random, unstable, unsettled (189). The commonality between the conce pt of love and Lady Fortune results in the underlying implication that love is unstable and therefore the antithesis of stability and reason.With the notion of love as precarious and irrational, The Romance of the Rose ultimately proposes the assumption that love represents a false happiness. In Anticlaudianus, Alan of Lille remarks that Fortune, and consequently love, is true to falsehood, false to truth and she always proves false, implying that any happiness gained in the wake of Fortune, and again love, denotes a fallacious bliss (190). In The Consolation of Philosophy, Boethiuss Philosophy contends that men measure the good in terms of gaiety and enjoyment; they think that the greatest happiness is found in pleasure (44). Philosophy continues that it is the nature of all bodily pleasure to punish those who enjoy it. Like the bee after its honey is given, it flies away, leaving its lingering sting in the hearts it has struck (54). In fact, Philosophy refers to Lady Fortune as the blind goddess (22). Here Boethius implies that pleasure represents a false happiness, a sentiment echoed in The Romance of the Rose. De Meuns Reason deems love a false delight and proposes that the only way you can be happy is to flee love (66). Reason relays that love [] makes your life valueless and that the man who always believes his heart cannot avoid folly (47). At the conclusion of the text, Genius in fact tells the lover that the Garden of Pleasure exists as a deceptive euphoria. He relates that the truth is that the things in the garden are trumpery toys. There is nothing lasting here; everything he saw will perish (313). Genius remarks of the gardens spring that instead of brighter than pure silver, the spring is so ugly and muddy that anyone who hangs his head over in order to look at himself will be unable to see a thing (314). Genius suggests that the lover, so blinded by the concept of love, sees a false beauty instead of the true murkiness of the water. The lovers vision is muddied much like the water, presenting a delusion of elation. The revelation that the pleasures of the garden, and thusly the pleasures of love, portray nothing but a false illusion of happiness explicate the notion that the concept of love, like Fortune, leads man away from true satisfaction.If love can be considered the counterpart to Fortune, then logically the character of Reason in The Romance of the Rose can be seen as an interpretation of Boethiuss Lady Philosophy, particularly in the sudden appearance and the physical portrait of each character. Boethius begins The Consolation of Philosophy in elegiac form, lost in hopelessness. Alas, while the narrator is gripped by despair, Philosophy suddenly emerges as a rational alternative to his self-pity (3). Likewise, Reasons arrivals in The Romance of the Rose consistently correspond with the lovers suffering. In chapter 3, the narrator was a long time in this state, until the lady from her high vantage-po int in the tower looked down and saw me thus downcast (46). And again in chapter four, the lover bewailed the great sufferings that [he] endured [ he] saw Reason, who had come down [] on hearing [his] lamentations, coming straight towards [him] again (64). Both Philosophy and Reason appear after the subsequent narrator laments over some loss, implying that both Philosophy and Reason emerge as the rational remedy for the troubled soul. The similarities of characters continue with the physical illustrations of Philosophy and Reason, again furthering the notion that the character of Reason is greatly influenced by the image of Lady Philosophy. In The Consolation of Philosophy, Boethius describes Philosophy as having flashing eyes that seemed wise beyond the ordinary wisdom of men (3). She seemed so old yet contains boundless vigor, and her height seemed to vary. Boethius relates that Philosophys clothing was made of the most exquisite workmanship [] into an everlasting fabric, s uggesting a Godly origin (4). The distinct resemblance of Boethiuss Philosophy with Reason in The Romance of the Rose affixes the correlating concepts of philosophy and reason together: She was neither young nor old, neither too tall nor too short [] The eyes in her head shone like two stars, [] she looked like person of importance. It was apparent from her form and her face that she was made in paradise [] she was made in the firmament by God in his own image and likeness [46].By portraying Reason with a strikingly similar entrance and physical description as Philosophy, The Romance of the Rose establishes the notion that like Boethiuss Philosophy, Reason alone can lead the lover out of despair and into reprieve. In fact, Reason requests of the lover that he love her, spurn the God of Love, and attach no value to Fortune and she relates that by just fulfilling the first request [] you will be freed from the other two (105). Essentially, Reason aligns herself with Philosophy in order to propose a more stable and intellectual path for the lover.As an antithesis of Fortune, and thusly the concept of love, Reasons figuration in both The Romance of the Rose and Alan of Lilles Anticlaudianus represents a stability that is key to the lovers salvation from the folly of love. In The Romance of the Rose, Reason relays to the lover that she is ready to listen and endure and keep silence, however much [he ] abuses her (107). She pledges a stable and unfaltering commitment to the lover, much like the secure portrayal of Reason in Anticlaudianus. Alan of Lille relates that with Reason, nothing is obscure, unstable, changeable, futile, unknown, deceptive; to her each and everything is clear, all is obvious, nothing in doubt (61). By presenting Reason as the opposite of Fortune, Alan of Lille establishes a precedent of reason existing as the medicine for chance, and this concept heavily influences the picture of Reason in The Romance of the Rose. De Lorris and de M eun essentially connect Reason with Boethiuss Philosophy and Alan of Lilles Reason to propose an antidote to the illogical nature of love.If Reason exists as the paradox to Fortune, and ultimately opposes a false happiness, the conclusion can be drawn that the character of Reason in The Romance of the Rose represents true happiness, a sentiment derived from Boethius and Alan of Lille. In The Consolation of Philosophy, Lady Philosophys goal is to lead the narrator to true happiness and away from carnal and earthly pleasure (42). Correspondingly, the Reason of Anticlaudianus represents the path of right and the narrator requests that one let her replace doubt with certainty, falsehood with truth [] make the minds day clear with the light of truth and drive out the clouds of falsehood (61). Both Boethius and Lille influence the true happiness that the Reason of The Romance of the Rose exemplifies. Reason relates to the lover, happy is the man who learns from his folly, implying that to love is foolishness and to find true happiness is to learn from this mistake (46). Reason tells the narrator that by my head, I am glad to teach you, indicating that rationality occurs within the mind and silly love exists elsewhere (65). By suggesting that reason is intellectual and love is mere emotion, Reason basically proposes that the happiness found by carnal love is misrepresented because it is not a rational occurrence. Reason asks of the lover, Do you know what he does, the man who seeks delight? He surrenders, a wretched and foolish slave, to the prince of all the vices, for such behavior is the root of all evils, indicating that love leads to corruption and therefore introduces a false sense of happiness (67-8). Reason implies that by engaging in carnal love, one engages in a dishonest life full of evil. She asserts that the love which has entrapped you has cost many their sense, their time, their possessions, bodies, souls, and reputations (71). Reason condemns c arnal love, and shows the lover the correct path to true love and true happiness. She explains that friendship is the name of one kind of love [] free from strife and in accordance with the benevolence of God, and deems this worthy (72). Reason denounces any love associated with Fortune and attempts to direct the lover towards true happiness and love (73). Reason relates to the lover that everything you own is enclosed within yourself and that all other gifts belong to Fortune, indicating that true happiness resides within the lover as a rational presence and everything outside this presence represents a false happiness (82). By aligning Reason with first Boethiuss Philosophy and next Alan of Lilles Reason, The Romance of the Rose continues the notion that reason, and not carnal love, is the path to true happiness and the remedy for falsehood.The allegorical structure of The Romance of the Rose extends far beyond a lovers journey to his beloved. While indeed the text exists as a metaphor for courtly love, the multi-dimensional composition of the poem allows for a philosophical reading. Both Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun crafted the concept of love as a juxtaposition of Lady Fortune, as seen in The Consolation of Philosophy and Anticlaudianus, and accordingly, Reason designates a juxtaposition of Lady Philosophy. Ultimately, The Romance of the Rose proposes that carnal love, like Fortune, engages the lover in false happiness while logic and reason lead to true enlightenment, carrying a continuing theme that has developed over centuries.Works CitedAlan of Lille. Anticlaudianus. Trans. James J. Sheridan. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1973. 39-217.Boethius. The Consolation of Philosophy. Trans. Richard Green. New York: MacMillan, 1962. 3-119.De Lorris, Guillaume, and Jean de Meun. The Romance of the Rose. Trans. Frances Horgan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 3-335.

Literary Criticism of The Open Boat - 1106 Words

The Open Boat by Stephen Crane is a story describing four men that are trapped together in a small boat or dingy. The men aboard the boat are a captain, a correspondent, an oiler, and a cook. The men were aboard a larger boat that crashed off the coast of Florida and are now searching for the safety of a light house they remember. After making a homemade sail and some brisk paddling they finally get near the coast. They spot some people and begin to signal for help but the people only respond with friendly waves. The tide is much too strong to swim to shore so they paddle back out to sea a ways and wait for it to calm. While waiting they get approached by a shark. The large fish circles in such a way that death searches for the†¦show more content†¦The cook represents the follower. He must be told what to do and does not represent a very strong character. However, it is completely necessary to have followers in the world. Without these citizens in the world then t he leaders would have little to lead. He is given the simple job of keeping the water out of the boat. He never takes a turn rowing and when the narrator describes the shifts he shared with the oiler, he tells how the cook sleeps through many different cycles of ships and serves the purpose of keeping the other man warm. Even when evacuating the boat the cook must be instructed by the captain on how to row. From this information we learn that the cook is probably a very ignorant man with little survival skills. The oiler represents the worker or common man. The oiler is the character that best relates to the average citizen. He is a very hard worker and takes direction well. He is the only character that does not lose hope of survival although he is only character that does not survive the journey. The oiler represents strength, heroics, and integrity. The oiler keeps the spirits of the rest of the crew up by example. 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Cooperative Agreement Wireless Networking †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Cooperative Agreement Wireless Networking? Answer: Introducation The use of the advance technology in the market have helped in maintaining the security of the data and information. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax) focuses on services provided over a long distance by remote broadband access (Bernardos et al., 2014). The applications of the WiMax have helped in keeping up the security of the information and data over the system. The WiMax has a safe security convention having three data encryption system. The three-information encryption strategy has been discussed below: The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is an algorithm that has been endorsed by the US government. It takes a shot at a degree capable in 128-piece outline. It utilizes 192 and 256 bits keys for encryption process. The reason for the AES is to give a hi-tech level of security to the information and data in the WiMax (Wu, Wang Youn, 2014). The use of the AES have held in keeping up the genuine standard of encoding information and data in the private division. Triple DES A triple DES give unique Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm that limits the hackers from breaching the information and data in the system. The triple DES is a critical standard that aides in using the symmetric calculation in different business association. The encryption standard uses 56 bits each keys (Cheng, Huang Du, 2013). The general length of the key is 168 bits. Nevertheless, different master recommend 112-piece key is more like it. RSA is an algorithm that uses asymmetric key encryption over internet. The RSA calculation helps in encrypting and decrypting messages in the system. The plain content is changed over into cipher message that is in encoded shape. On the other hand, RSA utilizes two keys for the uneven calculation. The key is just known to the collector and transmitter that aides in giving additional security to the information and data in the system. The WPAN technologies are innovative technologies that aides in giving smooth transmission of information and data with legitimate security. The two cases of WPAN advances are Bluetooth and Zigbee. There are diverse sorts of difficulties identified with security of the information and data amid the transmission. The assaults are against the secrecy and honesty of the information and data (Makris, Skoutas Skianis, 2013). Bluetooth is not able to give local customer check. The Bluetooth connection is not ready to keep up the express conduct of the associated gadgets. There is a tremendous danger of the DoS assaults in the system. The transmission of information can be hindered because of DoS assault in the system (Amadeo et al., 2014). The malignant section of the malwares and infections in the system causes information break in the system. The sensitive information is in a danger of being defiled by the malicious viruses. Zigbee is a remote communication device that devours low power for giving low rate cryptographic keys to security. The association between two gadgets in the system starts the information transmission channel. There are different assaults in the Zigbee that causes tremendous information rupture in the system. Shaikh, Faisal Karim, and Sherali Zeadally. "Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55 (2016): 1041-1054. This paper manages the social consequences of advances in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). WSN incorporate monstrous number of static sensor focus focuses those aides in low preparing. There are different wellsprings of centrality for the WSNs including Radio Frequency-based significance gathering, Solar-based noteworthiness gathering, Thermal-based Energy Harvesting and Flow-based vitality securing. There are different methodologies talked about in the paper for the data gathering in progresses. As argued by Haas, (2013), this framework may makes harm the environmental nature. Ulukus, Sennur, et al. "Energy harvesting wireless communications: A review of recent advances." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 33.3 (2015): 360-381. This paper talks about the new advances executed in the vitality gathering division. As remarked by Wang, Zhang Gulliver, (2014), the new advances in the criticalness gathering have changed the standard situation of vitality acquiring. Haas, (2013) argued that the utilization of the pushed methods in the vitality gathering have develops the shrouded cost of different criticalness sources what's more exhausting the steady assets. Different conditions and speculations talked about in the paper that uses the consistent idea of vitality amassing and changing over it into current improvement. References Amadeo, M., Campolo, C., Molinaro, A., Ruggeri, G. (2014). Content-centric wireless networking: A survey.Computer Networks,72, 1-13. Bernardos, C. J., De La Oliva, A., Serrano, P., Banchs, A., Contreras, L. M., Jin, H., Ziga, J. C. (2014). An architecture for software defined wireless networking.IEEE wireless communications,21(3), 52-61. Cheng, X., Huang, X., Du, D. Z. (Eds.). (2013).Ad hoc wireless networking(Vol. 14). Springer Science Business Media. Haas, H. (2013). High-speed wireless networking using visible light.SPIE Newsroom,1, 1-3. Makris, P., Skoutas, D. N., Skianis, C. (2013). A survey on context-aware mobile and wireless networking: On networking and computing environments' integration.IEEE communications surveys tutorials,15(1), 362-386. Wang, N., Zhang, N., Gulliver, T. A. (2014). Cooperative key agreement for wireless networking: Key rates and practical protocol design.IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security,9(2), 272-284. Wu, S., Wang, H., Youn, C. H. (2014). Visible light communications for 5G wireless networking systems: from fixed to mobile communications.Ieee Network,28(6), 41-45.

Jazz and Blues free essay sample

Blues and Jazz are different in several major ways. L. Blues and Jazz are deferent in terms of feeling. A. By performing or listening to the Blues, one is able to overcome sadness. 1. Blues is based on the music of African-American playing to express longing for better life and lost loves, Jobs, and money. 2. Because African-American, in the past, did not know about music theory, they played out of major scale notes, and therefore, makes the feeling of sadness. B. Jazz sparks an emotional complexity that Is very hard to pinpoint or describe. 1.Jazz is different form every other kinds of music that is several modes and scales of several keys are used in one jazz song while there is only one key per song in other kinds of music. 2. Different modes and scales spark different feeling; therefore it is very complex when there are several modes and scales in one song. We will write a custom essay sample on Jazz and Blues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page II. Blues and Jazz are different In terms of difficulty. A. Blues is easier than Jazz to learn. 1 . Chord progression of Blues is quite standing. Most of Blues songs have the same chord progression that is called 12 Bar Blues chord progression.However, some Blues songs are written with 8 or 16 Bar Blues chord progression. 2. Blues is normally played with only the dominant chords that are not complex Like the chords played on Jazz. 3. There are only a few of scales for Blues music. Blues scale Is the scale normally used In Blues music. More over, pentatonic scale, bebop scale, and Dorian mode are also used in Blues. B. Jazz is so hard to learn that even some of musicians are unable to play it. Is necessary for one who wants to learn Jazz to understand Blues first because Blues is the basic of Jazz 2.There are several chord progressions In Jazz, for Instance, I-el- V progression, Moreover, 12 Bar Blues Is used In Jazz music as well, but It Is more complex. Jazz played with Blues chord progression is called Jazz Blues. 3. Jazz is played with the extended chord that is difficult to play because it has more than 4 notes per chord while the dominant chords has only 4 notes. 4. Every scales and modes can appear in Jazz including the scales that are used in Blues. Ill. Blues and Jazz are different In terms of the Instruments.

Conversion Under Tort Law Essays

Conversion Under Tort Law Essays Conversion Under Tort Law Essay Conversion Under Tort Law Essay 320 5/19/2012 Conversion under Tort Law The layman’s definition for conversion is basically considered theft; according to our text â€Å"whenever a person wrongfully possesses or uses the personal property of another without permission† is considered conversion†¦.. †deprives an owner of personal property or of the use of that property without that owner’s permission†. On March 28 of this year, my car was stolen from my employer’s parking lot and was recovered eight days later by the local police. There was surveillance video of the subject entering and driving away in my car, due to the distance a positive ID was unable to be made. Without the video, the act (Actus Reus) of conversion (theft) could have been arguable, being there was no burden of proof. In order for an individual to be charged, there is an information (a form) that is required to be filled out; in my case a police report by a Peace Officer, in order to make a claim that a specific type of theft has occurred. Within the report, certain facts (or beliefs) would be contained supporting that it occurred with specificity and particularity. Here in Illinois, detailed descriptions of vehicle theft laws are found in the Ilinois Vehicle Code, and not the Criminal Code, under 625 ILCS 5/4-103 through 103. 3. In most cases auto thefts are considered Class 2 felonies, punishable by up to seven years imprisonment. There are many different types of conversion, not all of them involving tangible personal property or may not be considered theft at all. An example of conversion using intangible personal property could be the use of computer software, domain names, stocks, and bonds, to name just a few. Another consideration could be the unknowing purchase of stolen items, where the original subject that committed the theft is for all intensive purposes absolved of any wrongdoing by default, when the third party became involved. The buyer of the stolen items is then required to either return the stolen items or monetarily compensate the rightful owner for full value. In order to make a conversion claim, the plaintiff has to establish four elements. 1) the plaintiff owns or the right to possess he property, 2) defendant intentionally interfered with the property, 3) the interference deprived the plantiff of possession or use of the property, and 4) the interference caused damages to the plaintiff and/or the property. There are many different defenses in a conversion case if it ends up in litigation. There is abandonment; the property was abandoned by the owner prior to being taken by the defendant. Consent or approbation; the plaintiff’s consent can be implied. Privilege; the finder of lost property may be entitled to use or ownership if the real owner cannot be identified. As a policy, the local Police do not investigate auto thefts unless there was a crime committed with the car. Given the fact the subject seen on video was not able to be identified, the case was closed. The interior of the car was vandalized to the point that my insurance carrier considered the car a total loss. Because all four of the elements listed earlier, I was unable to make a conversion claim. : Cross, F. B. , amp; Miller, R. L. (2012). The legal environment of business: Text and cases-ethical, regulatory, global, and corporate issues. (8th ed. ). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Evaluation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation - Case Study Example Evaluation techniques are classified into two major classes which include the predictive evaluation techniques and descriptive evaluation techniques (Perlis, et al., 1981). The process of evaluation is goal oriented. The goals for which an evaluation process is intended for defines the importance of the evaluation process. One among the goals of evaluation is to determine if the technique is better as compared to existing techniques. This process entails the comparison of the technique with other existing techniques with aims of determining the status of the technique (Clements, 2002). This process is significant since it helps in assessing the technique with respect to already existing techniques and determining its viability in comparison with the existing techniques. Another goal of the evaluation process is to find out how good the technique is. This process is important since it facilitates assessing the technique to determine if it has the desired qualities as intended. Lastly, the process of evaluation of the given technique is aimed at determining â€Å"why the technique is bad†. This is aimed at detecting any weakness existing in the te chnique and this is important since using this weaknesses, suggestions that points out the need for further development can be generated (Farooq & Quadri, 3011). In general, the process of evaluation is aimed enhancing the usability of any given technique. This process of enhancement is aimed at improving user experiences, detecting flaws in the technique, addressing security concerns and removing unwanted features from the technique. The evaluation process as a whole is purported to facilitate technique improvement and enhancement of design supporting aspects. This process is vital since it plays a significant role in the development of the technique. The formative aspect of evaluation is paramount since it aids in the acquisition

History of golf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History of golf - Essay Example Scotsmen like to reflect upon the robust popular heritage of golf, disparaging the effete and à ©litist tendencies of their English counterparts. But such enclaves of City money as Wentworth or Sunningdale have more than a little in common with the early merchants' clubs of central Scotland in terms of social composition. It's pleasant parkland setting and moderate physical demands made golf the perfect sport for the middle-aged and middle class of both sexes. From a handful of courses outside Scotland, there were around a thousand in Britain by 1914. Even in quiet rural areas golf began to spread. Five new clubs were formed in Somerset in the 1890s and there were twelve by 1910. The collapse of agricultural prices had made it possible to acquire the hundred or more acres of farmland required for a course without too much difficulty in the late nineteenth century but competition from inter-war housing estates changed the picture. Initially, the cost had been easily within the reach of the committees of middle-class men, who had normally financed the purchase through the issue of debenture stock, i.e. capital loaned to a company (the club) upon which only interest was paid for a fixed period. Club subscriptions would cover interest payments while a larger sum was accumulated to pay off the long-term l oans. Debentures provided an excellent financial means for those with small capital surpluses to acquire a share in a large piece of real estate, access to which would have been beyond their means as individuals. Builders began to see the potential for combining superior residential property with recreation. The golf club became the preferred embellishment of the high-class housing estate, where the 'nine-to-five' commuters could meet at the weekend. St George's Hill, Chipstead, and Edgware were among those founded in this way. Stanmore on the wealthy fringe of north London was originally part of the Gordon estate and the golfcourse was designed for the enjoyment of friends of the family. But the restrictive aristocratic ethic quickly gave way to the selfgoverning and incorporated private club based upon the principle of shareholding and providing collective access to a landed